2024
Current Biology

Stretch triggers microtubule stabilization and MARCKS-dependent membrane incorporation in the shaft of embryonic axons

Authors:

Sara C. Sousa, Miguel Aroso, Rita Bessa, Eduardo Veríssimo, Tiago Ferreira da Silva, Cátia D.F. Lopes, Pedro Brites, Jorge Vieira, Cristina P. Vieira, Paulo C. Aguiar, Monica M. Sousa

Keywords:

axon growth; axonal cytoskeleton; MARCKS; microtubules; microfluidics; plasmalemmal precursor vesicles; stretch

Abstract:

Neurons have a unique polarized nature that must adapt to environmental changes throughout their lifespan. During embryonic development, axon elongation is led by the growth cone, culminating in the formation of a presynaptic terminal. After synapses are formed, axons elongate in a growth cone-independent manner to accompany body growth while maintaining their ultrastructure and function. To further understand mechanical strains on the axon shaft, we developed a computer-controlled stretchable microfluidic platform compatible with multi-omics and live imaging. Our data show that sensory embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) neurons have high plasticity, with axon shaft microtubules decreasing polymerization rates, aligning with the direction of tension, and undergoing stabilization. Moreover, in embryonic DRGs, stretch triggers yes-associated protein (YAP) nuclear translocation, supporting its participation in the regulatory network that enables tension-driven axon growth. Other than cytoskeleton remodeling, stretch prompted MARCKS-dependent formation of plasmalemmal precursor vesicles (PPVs), resulting in new membrane incorporation throughout the axon shaft. In contrast, adolescent DRGs showed a less robust adaptation, with axonal microtubules being less responsive to stretch. Also, while adolescent DRGs were still amenable to strain-induced PPV formation at higher stretch rates, new membrane incorporation in the axon shaft failed to occur. In summary, we developed a new resource to study the biology of axon stretch growth. By unraveling cytoskeleton adaptation and membrane remodeling in the axon shaft of stretched neurons, we are moving forward in understanding axon growth.